Rivers Mentioned in the Ṛgveda: A Geographical, Historical and Cultural Study

Abstract

The Ṛgveda is not only a religious text but also the earliest geographical document of India. The rivers mentioned in it define the sacred space called Sapta Sindhu - the land of seven rivers. This article provides a comprehensive study of all river names in the Ṛgveda, based on original mantra quotations. It focuses on the famous Nadīstuti Sūkta [10.75], the praise of Sarasvatī, and the geographical extent from Ganga in the east to Kubhā [Kabul River] in the west. It argues that the Ṛgvedic river system reflects a period when Sarasvatī was a mighty river, indicating an early date for the Ṛgveda, and that the rivers are not just water bodies but living goddesses. Over 20 river names are attested in the Ṛgveda.